Fort Halstead History
Learn about the fascinating history of Fort Halstead from its construction as a mobilisation through the nuclear age and into the modern day.
The vision of this website and the future heritage centre based at the leafy and once secretive site in Kent is to preserve the defence and security legacy of Fort Halstead for future generations, independent of any current UK Defence organisation. As such, it is hoped that charitable donations will support the activities of this unique organisation.
A (very) brief history of Fort Halstead
Constructed in 1895 as one of thirteen mobilisation centres intended to protect London in the event of French invasion, the early years of Fort Halstead (also known as Polhill Fort and the fort at Knockholt) were thankfully quite benign. While the Napoleonic threat had declined by the time the forts had been completed, interest in the London Defence Positions was rejuvenated during the First World War when the fort was updated, but never fully armed. It didn’t take long after the war for the fort to be sold off in 1921, but this private ownership was to be relatively short lived.
The most interesting period in the history of Fort Halstead took place in 1938 when the site was brought back into War Department ownership as the Projectile Development Establishment. This saw rapid development on the site with specialist buildings for the development and manufacture of explosives and rocket propellants, as well as the plethora of support buildings to support the thousands of workers. During this phase were constructed some remarkably unique buildings, now scheduled monuments that will hopefully be restored and open to the public.
Having survived the Second World War relatively unscathed, the site continued to be the centre of British high explosive research, with the decision to develop a home grown atomic bomb under the convenient codename of ‘High Explosives Research (HER).’ The main role of the nearly 1,000 strong team was to develop a series of highly accurate explosive lenses and detonators, essential for reliable detonation of the plutonium core. This immensely challenging and precise work required both electronic and explosives experts to develop new and novel techniques for the production of a synchronised detonation wave, but also for test methods to evaluate their work. Almost all of the unique buildings and chambers constructed for this purpose still exist.
The atomic weapons work transferred from Fort Halstead to the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) in 1955, but the site continued to be a major establishment under the auspices of the Defence Research Agency (DRA), Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) and more recently the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (dstl) and QinetiQ.
As the site is finally sold off and redeveloped, the heritage centre will remain. Contained in the original caretakers cottage on site. The humble building will remain as the focus for the Fort and houses a growing and unique collection of items from the unique and special past of this site.
A more detailed history on the origins of the Fort Halstead can be read in an article here.